Researching Creation

The Origin of Retroviruses

Endogenous, Exogenous, or Neither?

Biological Change

JB

ARJ has an interesting review paper by Liu and Soper on the origin of retroviruses.  Liu has written a number of papers on retroviruses, and this is in large part a culmination of his work.

The paper has a lot of interesting information:

  • Many retroviral env proteins are immunosuppressant
  • Many retroviral env proteins help cells fuse together to form larger complexes
  • Ty elements in yeast are similar to retroviruses, but lack evn proteins
  • Solo LTR's can be created by an LTR being inserted during the repair of a double-stranded break (indicating that a solo LTR is not necessarily the result of a ERV deletion)
  • Viruses can package pieces of host DNA and move it between hosts (known as transduction)
  • Expressed ERVs prevent infection from similar ERVs
  • Different retroviruses have different target site preferences

The authors use these and other items to infer that retroviruses were originally part of the genome itself, and were later exogenized into free particles for infection.  They also propose that retroviruses were used for horizontally transferring genetic material.

My personal hunch is that retroviruses have neither an origination outside the organism nor inside the originally-created DNA (at least not exclusively).  I tend to go with Blanden and Steele's suggestion in Lamarck's Signature that they are instead used for somatic selection.  That is, somatic cells do the real evolutionary work, and retroviruses package up that material and transport it - either back to the germ line or to other somatic cells. 

Thus, retroviruses are essentially created by (or at least used by) somatic cells to move new genes back to the germ line for more efficient adaptation to new environments.

Anyway, it's a hunch.